Post-install scripts are powerful automation tools that can be executed automatically after installing your virtual machine (VPS). This article explains what post-install scripts are, how to create and manage them using the Hostinger API, and provides practical examples for common use cases.<\/p>
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Post-install scripts are custom shell scripts that run automatically after your VPS is deployed. They allow you to:<\/p>
Automate the initial setup of your server<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
Install software packages<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
Configure services<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
Set up security measures<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
Deploy applications<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
And much more<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>
When a post-install script is attached to a VPS instance, it is executed with root privileges immediately after the operating system installation is complete.<\/p>
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Scripts are saved to the file Output from script execution is saved to Maximum script size is 48KB<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Scripts are executed with root privileges<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul> The Hostinger API provides several endpoints to manage your post-install scripts:<\/p> \n<\/p> To create a new post-install script:<\/p> Required parameters:<\/p> Example request:<\/p> To retrieve all your post-install scripts:<\/p> Optional parameters:<\/p> To retrieve details of a specific post-install script:<\/p> Required parameters:<\/p> To update an existing post-install script:<\/p> Required parameters:<\/p> To delete a post-install script:<\/p> Required parameters:<\/p> When creating or recreating a VPS, you can specify a post-install script to run by passing the \n<\/p> Include the Include the Here are some useful examples of post-install scripts for common scenarios:<\/p> Test thoroughly<\/b>: Always test your scripts in a controlled environment before using them in production.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Error handling<\/b>: Include proper error handling in your scripts to catch and report issues during execution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Logging<\/b>: Add informative log messages to track the progress and identify problems.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Security<\/b>: Be careful with sensitive information. Don’t hardcode credentials or sensitive data in your scripts.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Idempotence<\/b>: Design your scripts to be idempotent, meaning they can be run multiple times without causing issues.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Timeouts<\/b>: Consider that some operations, especially package installations, might take longer than expected.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Version pinning<\/b>: Specify exact versions of packages to ensure consistent deployments.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol> If your script fails, check the Ensure your script has a proper shebang line (e.g., Remember that the script runs with root privileges, so you don’t need to use If your script appears to hang, check if any commands await user input (e.g., apt-get might ask for confirmation).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Make sure to remove any hidden and invisible characters. Try to re-save it with Unix \/ LF line endings before uploading.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul> Post-install scripts are powerful tools that can significantly streamline your VPS deployment and configuration process. By leveraging the Hostinger API to manage and apply these scripts, you can ensure consistent, automated server setups across your infrastructure.<\/p>\/post_install<\/code> on your VPS with executable permissions<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\/post_install.log<\/code><\/p>\n<\/li>\nManaging post-install scripts with the API<\/h2>
1. Creating a post-install script<\/h3>
POST \/api\/vps\/v1\/post-install-scripts<\/code><\/pre>\n
name<\/code>: A descriptive name for your script<\/p>\n<\/li>\ncontent<\/code>: The actual shell script content<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>{
\"name\": \"LAMP Stack Setup\",
\"content\": \"#!\/bin\/bash\\n\\n# Update system packages\\napt-get update\\napt-get upgrade -y\\n\\n# Install LAMP stack\\napt-get install -y apache2 mysql-server php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql\\n\\n# Enable services\\nsystemctl enable apache2\\nsystemctl enable mysql\\n\\n# Set up firewall\\nufw allow 'Apache Full'\\nufw allow 'OpenSSH'\\n\\necho 'LAMP stack installation complete!' > \/var\/www\/html\/index.html\"
}<\/code><\/pre>2. Getting a list of post-install scripts<\/h3>
GET \/api\/vps\/v1\/post-install-scripts<\/code><\/pre>\n
page<\/code>: Page number for pagination<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>3. Getting a specific post-install script<\/h3>
GET \/api\/vps\/v1\/post-install-scripts\/{postInstallScriptId}<\/code><\/pre>\n
postInstallScriptId<\/code>: The ID of the post-install script<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>4. Updating a post-install script<\/h3>
PUT \/api\/vps\/v1\/post-install-scripts\/{postInstallScriptId}<\/code><\/pre>\n
postInstallScriptId<\/code>: The ID of the post-install script<\/p>\n<\/li>\nname<\/code>: Updated name for the script<\/p>\n<\/li>\ncontent<\/code>: Updated script content<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>5. Deleting a post-install script<\/h3>
DELETE \/api\/vps\/v1\/post-install-scripts\/{postInstallScriptId}<\/code><\/pre>\n
postInstallScriptId<\/code>: The ID of the post-install script to delete<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>Using post-install scripts with VPS instances<\/h2>
post_install_script_id<\/code> parameter:<\/p>For new VPS setup<\/h3>
POST \/api\/vps\/v1\/virtual-machines\/{virtualMachineId}\/setup<\/code><\/pre>post_install_script_id<\/code> parameter along with other required parameters:<\/p>{ \"data_center_id\": 1, \"template_id\": 4, \"post_install_script_id\": 12 }<\/code><\/pre>For VPS recreation<\/h3>
POST \/api\/vps\/v1\/virtual-machines\/{virtualMachineId}\/recreate<\/code><\/pre>post_install_script_id<\/code> parameter:<\/p>{ \"template_id\": 4, \"post_install_script_id\": 12 }<\/code><\/pre>Practical examples<\/h2>
Basic security setup<\/h3>
#!\/bin\/bash
# Update system packages
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade -y
# Install fail2ban for protection against brute force attacks
apt-get install -y fail2ban
systemctl enable fail2ban
systemctl start fail2ban
# Configure firewall
apt-get install -y ufw
ufw default deny incoming
ufw default allow outgoing
ufw allow ssh
ufw allow http
ufw allow https
ufw --force enable
# Create a non-root user with sudo privileges
useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash admin
echo \"admin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL\" > \/etc\/sudoers.d\/admin
mkdir -p \/home\/admin\/.ssh
chmod 700 \/home\/admin\/.ssh
# Harden SSH configuration
sed -i 's\/PermitRootLogin yes\/PermitRootLogin no\/' \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config
sed -i 's\/#PasswordAuthentication yes\/PasswordAuthentication no\/' \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config
systemctl restart sshd
echo \"Basic security setup completed!\"<\/code><\/pre>WordPress installation<\/h3>
#!\/bin\/bash
# Update system packages
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade -y
# Install LAMP stack
apt-get install -y apache2 mysql-server php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-xml php-xmlrpc php-soap php-intl php-zip
# Enable Apache modules
a2enmod rewrite
systemctl restart apache2
# Set up MySQL (non-interactive)
mysql_root_password=\"$(openssl rand -base64 12)\"
echo \"MySQL root password: $mysql_root_password\" > \/root\/mysql_credentials.txt
chmod 600 \/root\/mysql_credentials.txt
# Secure MySQL installation
mysql -e \"UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('$mysql_root_password') WHERE User='root';\"
mysql -e \"DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE User='root' AND Host NOT IN ('localhost', '127.0.0.1', '::1');\"
mysql -e \"DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE User='';\"
mysql -e \"DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS test;\"
mysql -e \"DELETE FROM mysql.db WHERE Db='test' OR Db='test\\\\_%';\"
mysql -e \"FLUSH PRIVILEGES;\"
# Create WordPress database
db_name=\"wordpress\"
db_user=\"wpuser\"
db_password=\"$(openssl rand -base64 12)\"
mysql -u root -p\"$mysql_root_password\" -e \"CREATE DATABASE $db_name;\"
mysql -u root -p\"$mysql_root_password\" -e \"CREATE USER '$db_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '$db_password';\"
mysql -u root -p\"$mysql_root_password\" -e \"GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON $db_name.* TO '$db_user'@'localhost';\"
mysql -u root -p\"$mysql_root_password\" -e \"FLUSH PRIVILEGES;\"
echo \"WordPress database credentials:\" > \/root\/wordpress_credentials.txt
echo \"Database: $db_name\" >> \/root\/wordpress_credentials.txt
echo \"Username: $db_user\" >> \/root\/wordpress_credentials.txt
echo \"Password: $db_password\" >> \/root\/wordpress_credentials.txt
chmod 600 \/root\/wordpress_credentials.txt
# Download and set up WordPress
cd \/var\/www\/html
rm index.html
wget https:\/\/wordpress.org\/latest.tar.gz
tar -xzf latest.tar.gz
mv wordpress\/* .
rmdir wordpress
rm latest.tar.gz
# Configure WordPress
cp wp-config-sample.php wp-config.php
sed -i \"s\/database_name_here\/$db_name\/\" wp-config.php
sed -i \"s\/username_here\/$db_user\/\" wp-config.php
sed -i \"s\/password_here\/$db_password\/\" wp-config.php
# Set up salts
curl https:\/\/api.wordpress.org\/secret-key\/1.1\/salt\/ > salts.txt
sed -i '\/AUTH_KEY\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i '\/SECURE_AUTH_KEY\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i '\/LOGGED_IN_KEY\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i '\/NONCE_KEY\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i '\/AUTH_SALT\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i '\/SECURE_AUTH_SALT\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i '\/LOGGED_IN_SALT\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i '\/NONCE_SALT\/d' wp-config.php
sed -i \"\/\\$table_prefix\/r salts.txt\" wp-config.php
rm salts.txt
# Set permissions
chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/html\/
find \/var\/www\/html\/ -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \\;
find \/var\/www\/html\/ -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \\;
echo \"WordPress installation completed!\"<\/code><\/pre>Docker environment setup<\/h3>
#!\/bin\/bash
# Update system packages
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade -y
# Install prerequisites
apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl software-properties-common gnupg
# Add Docker's official GPG key
curl -fsSL https:\/\/download.docker.com\/linux\/ubuntu\/gpg | apt-key add -
# Set up the Docker repository
add-apt-repository \"deb [arch=amd64] https:\/\/download.docker.com\/linux\/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable\"
# Install Docker
apt-get update
apt-get install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
# Install Docker Compose
curl -L \"https:\/\/github.com\/docker\/compose\/releases\/download\/v2.17.0\/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)\" -o \/usr\/local\/bin\/docker-compose
chmod +x \/usr\/local\/bin\/docker-compose
# Enable Docker to start on boot
systemctl enable docker
systemctl start docker
# Create a non-root user and add to the docker group
useradd -m -s \/bin\/bash dockeruser
usermod -aG docker dockeruser
# Create a simple test container
docker run -d -p 80:80 --name test-nginx nginx
echo \"Docker environment setup completed!\"<\/code><\/pre>Best practices<\/h2>
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Troubleshooting<\/h2>
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\/post_install.log<\/code> file on your VPS for error messages.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n#!\/bin\/bash<\/code>) at the beginning.<\/p>\n<\/li>\nsudo<\/code> within the script.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/h2>